Cancer is one of the major health challenges affecting people around the world. It can affect people of different ages, backgrounds and lifestyles. Although many people associate cancer with death, it is important to understand that some cancers can be prevented, and many have a better chance of successful treatment when detected early.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), cancer caused nearly 10 million deaths worldwide in 2024. However, research shows that around 38% of cancers could currently be prevented through measures that reduce known risk factors. This makes awareness, prevention and early diagnosis important in the fight against the disease.
What Causes Cancer?
Cancer develops when abnormal cells begin to grow and divide uncontrollably. Normally, the body regulates the growth of its cells, but changes in their DNA can interfere with this process. These abnormal cells may form a tumour or, in some cases, spread to other parts of the body.
There is no single cause of cancer. Its development can involve a combination of genetic changes, ageing, environmental exposure, lifestyle choices and certain infections.
Tobacco use is one of the leading preventable causes of cancer. Cigarettes and other tobacco products contain harmful substances that can damage cells and increase the risk of cancers affecting the lungs, mouth, throat and other organs. Exposure to second-hand smoke can also be harmful.
Alcohol consumption is another risk factor. Drinking alcohol increases the risk of several cancers, including those affecting the liver, breast, mouth and colon. The risk generally increases with the amount consumed.
Certain infections can also lead to cancer. Human papillomavirus (HPV), for example, causes almost all cases of cervical cancer. Hepatitis B and C infections can increase the risk of liver cancer. These infections are especially important to consider because some cancer risks associated with them can be reduced through vaccination, screening and appropriate medical care.
Other factors, including excess body weight, physical inactivity, unhealthy dietary patterns and exposure to harmful radiation or chemicals, can also increase the risk of certain cancers. Age and family history may contribute to a person’s risk as well.
However, having one or more risk factors does not mean someone will definitely develop cancer. Similarly, people who maintain healthy lifestyles can still develop the disease. Cancer is complex, and not every case can be explained or prevented.
How Can Cancer Be Prevented?
Although it is not possible to prevent every type of cancer, people can take practical steps to reduce their risk. One of the most important measures is avoiding tobacco. People who smoke should seek support to quit, while those who do not smoke should avoid starting. Reducing exposure to second-hand smoke is also important.
Maintaining a healthy lifestyle can make a difference. Eating a balanced diet that includes vegetables, fruits, beans and whole grains, staying physically active and maintaining a healthy body weight can reduce the risk of certain cancers. Limiting or avoiding alcohol is another way to reduce risk.
Vaccination is also an important prevention tool. The HPV vaccine helps protect against infections that cause cervical cancer and some other cancers. The hepatitis B vaccine helps prevent infection that can lead to liver cancer. People should consult healthcare professionals about vaccination according to national recommendations.
Protecting the skin from excessive sunlight and following safety measures when working with harmful chemicals can also reduce exposure to known cancer-causing agents.
Another important step is attending recommended cancer screening services. Cervical screening can identify changes in the cervix before they develop into cancer. Other screening tests may be recommended depending on a person’s age, sex, family history and individual risk.
Why Cancer Awareness Matters in Rwanda
Cancer awareness is particularly important in Rwanda, where cervical cancer remains a major public health concern among women. According to the Rwanda Biomedical Centre, cervical cancer can be prevented through HPV vaccination and screening.
Rwanda introduced its national HPV vaccination programme in 2011 and has also developed services to screen for cervical cancer and treat precancerous changes. Continued public education can help more people understand the importance of these services and seek them when needed.
Families, schools, healthcare workers, community leaders and the media all have a role to play in sharing accurate information. Radio and television programmes, in particular, can help reach communities with messages about prevention, vaccination and early diagnosis.
People should also seek medical advice when they notice unusual or persistent changes in their bodies, such as unexplained weight loss, unusual bleeding, a new lump or a wound that does not heal. These signs do not necessarily mean someone has cancer, but they should not be ignored. Screening is also important because some cancers do not cause noticeable symptoms in their early stages.
Fighting Cancer Through Knowledge and Action
Cancer is a serious disease, but fear and misinformation should not prevent people from taking action. Understanding the risk factors, adopting healthier habits, getting recommended vaccines and attending appropriate screening services can help reduce the burden of cancer.
It is equally important to remember that cancer can affect anyone and that people living with the disease deserve support, respect and access to proper medical care.
Preventing cancer is not only the responsibility of individuals. Governments, healthcare institutions, communities and the media must work together to improve access to prevention services, encourage early diagnosis and make reliable health information available to everyone.
The fight against cancer begins with knowledge, but it must continue through action. By making informed decisions and encouraging others to do the same, communities can help reduce preventable cancer cases and improve the chances of early detection and successful treatment.
BRENNA AKARABO
RADIOTV10