Nosebleeds can happen unexpectedly, but understanding their causes can help people prevent them and know what to do when they occur.
A nosebleed, medically known as epistaxis, occurs when small blood vessels inside the nose break and begin to bleed. It can happen while someone is resting, working, sleeping or carrying out normal daily activities. Although seeing blood coming from the nose can be frightening, most nosebleeds are not serious and can be managed at home.
One of the most common causes is dry air. When the inside of the nose becomes dry, the delicate lining can crack, making small blood vessels more likely to break. This can happen in dry weather or in rooms where air conditioning is used frequently. Keeping the nose moisturised with a saline nasal spray can help prevent dryness.
Another common cause is picking or scratching the nose. The inside of the nose contains many small blood vessels that are close to the surface. Using fingers or sharp objects to remove dried mucus can damage these vessels and cause bleeding. People should avoid putting objects inside their noses and should gently clean the area instead.
Blowing the nose too hard can also cause nosebleeds. When someone has a cold, flu or allergies, they may blow their nose repeatedly to clear mucus. Doing this forcefully can irritate the nasal lining and cause blood vessels to break. Blowing gently, one nostril at a time, can reduce the risk.
Allergies and respiratory infections are other possible causes. Conditions such as allergic rhinitis, colds and sinus infections can cause inflammation and irritation inside the nose. Frequent sneezing, rubbing and blowing the nose may eventually lead to bleeding. Treating the underlying condition and avoiding known allergy triggers can help.
Injuries to the nose, including accidental hits, falls or sports-related injuries, can also cause bleeding. Even a minor injury may damage the delicate blood vessels inside the nose. If bleeding follows a serious injury, particularly one involving the head, medical attention should be sought.
Certain medicines can make nosebleeds more likely. Blood-thinning medicines, including some prescribed to prevent blood clots, can make bleeding harder to stop. Some nasal sprays, especially when used incorrectly or too frequently, may also irritate the inside of the nose. Anyone experiencing repeated bleeding while using medication should speak to a healthcare professional rather than stopping prescribed treatment independently.
In some cases, frequent nosebleeds may be associated with underlying health conditions, including high blood pressure or blood-clotting disorders. However, high blood pressure is not usually a direct cause of nosebleeds. Repeated or unexplained bleeding should therefore be assessed by a medical professional to establish the actual cause.
When a nosebleed occurs, the first thing to do is remain calm and sit upright. Lean slightly forward rather than tilting the head backwards, as swallowing blood can cause nausea or vomiting. Using the thumb and index finger, firmly pinch the soft part of the nose, just above the nostrils, and hold it continuously for 10 to 15 minutes without releasing to check whether the bleeding has stopped. Breathe through the mouth while doing this.
If the bleeding continues after 15 to 20 minutes of firm, uninterrupted pressure, seek urgent medical attention. Heavy bleeding, difficulty breathing, dizziness, fainting or bleeding following a serious injury also require immediate medical care.
Although occasional nosebleeds are common, they should not become something people simply ignore. Anyone experiencing frequent episodes, unexplained bleeding or nosebleeds alongside other unusual symptoms should visit a healthcare facility for an examination. Understanding the causes and responding correctly can help prevent complications and ensure that a seemingly small problem does not become a bigger health concern.
Brenna AKARABO
RADIOTV10